Cultural Entrepreneurship in Africa by Ute Röschenthaler Dorothea Schulz

Author:Ute Röschenthaler, Dorothea Schulz [Ute Röschenthaler, Dorothea Schulz]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9780367870690
Barnesnoble:
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Published: 2019-12-10T00:00:00+00:00

Notes

1. The terms written in italics are in tamajeq, the Tuareg language.

2. Kel azzaman literally means “the people of today”. Kel eru means “the people of the past”.

3. According to the World Tourism Organization (2002), Africa only accounts for 4.1% of worldwide tourism. Within West Africa, Niger has an inferior market share of 0.2%.

4. A package tour for three weeks in Niger costs up to $5,000.

5. Individual tourists make up only 15% of all tourists. This was different between the 1970s and the 1990s, when thousands of Europeans traveled with used cars through the desert to sell them in Niger. The violent conflicts in Algeria, the Tuareg rebellion in the 1990s, and the devaluation of the Franc CFA by 50% in 1994 brought the so-called “scrap metal tourism” to an end.

6. Rhissa ag Boula retired from his office in 2004 when he was accused of involvement in the murder of a politician in northern Niger. He was imprisoned and released in 2005 without trial.

7. A confederation is composed of several endogamous groups (tawshiten) of matrilineal descent.

8. The director of an agency needs to acquire sufficient material equipment, deposit a surety of 2 million FCFA (around $3,900), and pay annual fees of 500,000 FCFA ($970) and of 150,000 FCFA ($290) into a special state-owned development fund for tourism, among other payments and taxes.

9. A driver-guide receives an average of 15,000 to 20,000 FCFA per day of traveling. A driver gets 6,000 to 7,500 FCFA per day just like a cook. A camel driver earns 5,000 and an aide 3,000 FCFA.

10. Such terminological analogies appear to be widespread among pastoralists in Africa. The Tswana in southern Africa, for example, speak of money as “cattle without legs” (Comaroff and Comaroff 1991: 56).

11. All guides are drivers at the same time. The director of an agency will not hire a guide who cannot drive, as this would take up a seat in the car that could otherwise be sold to a tourist.

12. If the woman is older than her husband, then, according to local perception, she intends to rejuvenate herself through sexual intercourse.

13. Noble patrons rarely exploited the smiths—even before their impoverishment during the great droughts of the 1970s and 1980s—since they had the right to protest in public against such an abuse, thus exposing their patrons as immoral.

14. Diver-guides sometimes rent their own cars to the agency, making up to $6,300 per year whereas others do not earn more than $1,300.

15. The name shasturis stems from the French expression “chasser les tourists” or “hunting tourists”. Shasturis are predominantly young smiths and nobles who work as vendors of handicrafts and other objects (Scholze and Bartha 2004).

16. Among the shasturis are often also adolescent nobles who deliberately break the behavioral norms valid for their social layer when they act like smiths. The elder nobles tolerate this because of their young age and usefulness as commercial intermediaries.

17. Mano ag Dayak also exploited the myth to gain political and material support for the rebellion in the 1990s in western media (Decoudras 1995).

18. School enrollment also contributes to the preference of not returning to camel herding and caravan trade.

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